Thorndike and Skinner. Rafael Lopez

Edward Thorndike

1.Cat was put in a box where the cat has to find how to get to the other side where there is a scrap of fish for the cat to eat.

2.Law of effect was that which stated that any behavior that has positive results will be condinued

3.Law of exercise stated that it was frequent connections between stimulus and response.

“Thorndike´s Law Of Exercise”http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/689639/Thorndikes-law-of-exercise Dic.3,2010

“Edward Thorndike” http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/edward-thorndike.html dic.3,2010

Skinner

1.Operant conditioning is the connection between a behavior and a consequence.

2.Reinforcement makes the event occur more frequently.

3. Punishment makes the event occur less frequently.

4. Positive means an item presented, while a Negative means a item taken away.

“Classical and Operant conditioning” http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/#Operant Dic.3,2010

Questions: LEARNING

Rafael Lopez

Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?

He was studying the digestive system of mammals. http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html

2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.

Pavlov would measure the saliva the dog put out when seeing the food and hearing the bell. http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html

3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.

The conditioned stimulus is the bell the unconditioned the food, and  the response was how the dog salivated whenever he would hear a bell. http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html

4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.

When the response due to the conditioning become lesser or disappears. http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm

5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.

To give similar responses when the response has been conditioned. http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm

6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.

To be able detect the diference between one stimuli and the other stimuli. http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm

7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.

1.these are dogs not humans, this could be different on humans

2. dogs can salivate when doing any types of efforts

8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.

He stated with his experiment that we learn threw classical conditioning. That we will give a response when we relate to things together.

John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.

When Watson was about 9 months old J.B. Watson started conducting an experiment with him. He started putting in front of him rabbits, dogs,…mice. The white rat that was put next to Little Albert and at first the reponse little albert gave was good toward the white rat, But Jb Watson would start to hit a metal pipe with a hammer, so that the child would get scared. After a while Little Albert started paring those two thing together not only that but he would also pair that response to other things that were white and furry. http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm

2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study

Unconditioned Stimulus was the loud noise, The conditioned stimulus was the white rat, the conditioned response was the fear little Albert had. http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm

3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.

1.This was unethical

2. this was tested on a baby, yet this might not work on adults.

4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.

"The more frequent a stimulus and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become."John Watson

The more and more you do something with another thing the more you will relate them, this is able to aply on everthing during yourlife. For example you fall of the bike several times and people have a sad reponse when you fall, you eventually never want to even near a bike. http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html

5. Explain Watson's law of recency.

"The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus."John Watson

The more recent this behavior happens the most likely it will still have a response to the stimuli. http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html

6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.

John Watson says everything basically depends on the environment.

Rafael Lopez

Bibliography

“Bhaviorism” http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxh139/bahavior.htm . Nov.19,2010

“Definition and perspectives on learning” http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html .Nov.19,2010

“Little albert experiment” http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm  .Nov,19

“Principle of Classical conditioning” http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm .Nov.19,2010

“Ivan Pavlov Experiment” http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html .Nov.19,2010

SLEEP

SUMMARIZED BY RAFAEL LOPEZ

Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA Summary

Research has proven that people that don’t sleep adequately tend to have lower GPA in the transition. The Associated professional sleep societies came up with this research project. The method of this project was that they checked GPAs of people who were in the transition from high school to college. They researched and concluded that evening types (someone who feels better doing their work later during the day) had a lower GPA than the morning types and the intermediate types. The article is very detailed on the results although they do not specify how they get these results; which schools do they use to get these conclusions. The true meaning of this article is to make the youth reflect and start doing their work earlier and that way get more time to sleep

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090609072813.h

http://www.stressmarket.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/1501night_owl_1.jpg

Delayed School Start Time Associated With Improvements in

Adolescent Behaviors Summary

This research has concluded that students that start later in the day have more motivation to work. The people involved with this research project were Judith A. Owens, M.D., M.P.H of the Hasbro Children’s Hospital. The method of this research project was that they studied 201 students in grades 9 to 12. Class start time was delayed 30 min. The students were asked to complete a sleep habits survey before and after school time. Children with the 30 min delay had a more positive response to the survey, were more motivated. My opinion on this result is that surely a student truly appreciates some more time to sleep. Usually a student does not have enough time to sleep and feel unsatisfied with his/her sleeping time, any additional time given to him he will use it to motivate himself during the day.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100705190532.htm

http://sleepnosleep.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/student-sleep.jpg

Why Does Lack of Sleep Affect Us Differently? Study Hints It May Be in Our Genes

Research has shown that people can be affected by a gene to become narcoleptic. It also shows that people can develop narcolepsy but it is less likely. This research project was published by the print issue neurology but does not specify who were the ones involved with the research project. The method of this research project was that they got 92 healthy adults and 37 adults who have sleep disorders, the people who participated where only aloud to sleep 4 hours, both sides of participant had the same response to day activities. My opinion is that this research project does show curious characteristics of both sleep depraved people and healthy people.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101025161023.htm

http://www.sleepdisordersclinic.in/images/sleepymanNarcolepsyG1405_468x308.jpg

questions responded by Rafael Lopez

1.      What does the word "hemisphere" refer to when talking about the brain?

The two sides of a brain

2. What are the major differences between the left and right sides of the brain?

 The left side of the brain can give you artistic skills. The right side of your brain can give you calculation skills.

3. What is the corpus collasum?

The corpus collasum is neural fibers beneath the cortex

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum}

4. Explain the study performed by Paul Broca in which he discovered "Broca's Area."

Broca once someone had a concussion in the left frontal lobe, made people have bad speech development.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca's_area

5. Explain the study conducted by Roger Sperry in regard to "split brain."

Roger sperry was the one who started the whole idea of brain lateralization. Roger Sperry won nobel prizes after developing this idea.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry

6. Explain the study conducted by Karl Wernicke which led to the discovery of Wernicke's Area."

He found about the temporal lobe. In his study he studied the comprehension of a person.

7. Which lobe is most responsible for vision?

Ocipital lobe

8. Which lobe is most responsible for hearing and language?

 Temperal lobe

9. Which lobe is most responsible for performing math calculations?

Pariental lobe

10. Which lobe is most responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control?

The Frontal Lobe

Phineas Gage

Phineas gage is human being that could survive a severe problem. When he was stuck by one of his mining instruments. He was struck on his frontal lobe. The incredible thing is that this guy called Phineas Gage survived and he was also conscience, not just breathing but walking around with the tube stuck in his lobe. He was obstructing this rock so that the metal would shoot up. He was interested on what would happen. He started having personality disorders. He was not thinking straight, that’s because he was hit on the frontal lobe. He tried to get back on his job but people considered him way to altered for the job.  In the psychology class we learned that an altered frontal lobe that a person can become more violent.Phineas gage is a true story of survival. We can learn that indeed it is very strong and probably won’t damage you on your physical survival as in your emotional survival, if you are struck like that on your frontal lobe. This also teaches scientists that a side does a different job, from the other sides. The term of localization of brain is that different parts of your brain carry out different objectives. Lateralization of the brain is about how one side of the brain can carry out a whole subject while the other side can carry the other subject. One side demonstrates art appraisal and appreciation, the other side helps you with your speech, this inside also helps you more with your visualization skills.

http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~bbrown/psyc1501/brain/loclat.htm

http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/morris2_la/chapter2/medialib/lecture/gage.html

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bafree.net/arabneuropsych/cerebl2.gif&imgrefurl=http://bafree.net/arabneuropsych/cereblaterality.htm&usg=__U3CRb_CULK5tY4ITQ6nb3fZHAqc=&h=425&w=335&sz=30&hl=es&start=13&sig2=NtFQA_Xe6ky7Uo5aHDkw6Q&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=PZC6DZKuCSQdFM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbrain%2Blateralization%26um%3D1%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1I7SKPB_es%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=0uObTOzIJsq8ngesmdSNDQ

http://img.genciencia.com/2008/08/PhineasGageFigura.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMCK9Pc6fImCUY18C71Y_wkc842CGBn2nvjJLkbGg-WrgiU2bhQ5LLoO7lpd1xDE2p4a1ASzl2F8RbMjtNJzgkcYfz6cZXreB2nr_5_PRCEYSpxU9TjHsNSp73MIae9iiHKyGjVl6cRuSr/s1600/5.jpg

THE CRIMINAL MIND is it genetic or environmental???

In my opinion this is completely environmental. This is an envirronemtal efferect due to a trauma or if the person has gone threw hard times, and has aquired a taste for killing. Also the enviroment shows these people that threw violence and killing you can get a lot of money. The environment uses video games and tv channels to teach these acts.

Scientist have also discovered that violent minds or criminal minds come from a damaged frontal lobe. this lobe has been detected on several people who have so quickly killed. These people kill like savages they have no control of themselves. They belive that its okay, they hav the impedement of thinking of the consequences.

Really there is no way to say that a criminal mind is genetic. You cant say if the two parents are criminals then the kid is sure to be a criminal. Well maybe but its because his emvironment is made by two criminal. The people he hangs around with are criminal. These give him a sufficient environment to want to become a criminal.

There can be a crime gene scientist say. Some criminals, most crimnals in a prison had low levels of MAOA. Around 44% of the criminals had low levels of MAOA. The 12% were abused when kids. The rest by emotional problems or for grabbing on to an object.

in the end it could be genetic or environmental. But the real question is should we punish these people. People that have been traumitized since little boys and girls, should they be punished so harshly. What should justice do.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.students.stedwards.edu/caleman/crime%2520scene.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.students.stedwards.edu/caleman/crime%2520scene.html&usg=__T9jHWlAdJjA3OieQ6ifz2s1W3sU=&h=290&w=405&sz=76&hl=en&start=0&sig2=W-NBgRCQDfdz5nTKFgGEhw&zoom=1&tbnid=U5oqjSubyOybYM:&tbnh=167&tbnw=202&ei=K1CKTOaSLpL69AS_uqWvBg&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcrime%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D839%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=375&oei=K1CKTOaSLpL69AS_uqWvBg&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0&tx=180&ty=41

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chicagonow.com/blogs/ndigo-way-i-see-it/crime%2520scene.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.chicagonow.com/blogs/ndigo-way-i-see-it/&usg=__uzpf8GmMSOn2h73jIqFfNsd-oVQ=&h=360&w=475&sz=118&hl=en&start=0&sig2=RqYXqXup-bhQfZTEulYxBA&zoom=1&tbnid=YWFk8h05FWQMzM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=200&ei=K1CKTOaSLpL69AS_uqWvBg&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcrime%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D839%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=234&oei=K1CKTOaSLpL69AS_uqWvBg&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:0&tx=120&ty=102

http://www.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/biology/1824267-crime-gene-discovered/

NATURE vs NATURE

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kVDkdOPdFZIy0xHKuBbffEpiUZCfs5ViSDkoaAde7_KcEuFORHyY8qTwS12a5-NE-1ds5lI8EUYCT5d_9HdjvucWl0BdVpBildnUc1XVNjppFsIRasN4GcL9-3w_c2-6rx3uh5Qrk_Q1/s400/Nature+vs+Nurture2.jpg

Nature vrs. Nurture was given use by Francis Golton. The debate started because people are trying to figure out if the person was just born with the personality, and later it flourishes. Later People started to debate that it was probably just the environment that did this work. Nature was that most of the personality comes from the parents, all genetic. The other theory was that it all was by the environment one lives in. The overall belief is that it is both that plays a role in the personality of a person. I think that really it has nothing to do with genetics, it mostly just has to do with the environment. A person that is not inforced to study probably wont adapt to his environment. The person has to adapt to the type of education it is given. If you put a person in a box, he will try to adapt to the box, If you put a man in a mansion the man will adapt to the mansion. We all adapt, Like animals.

Charles Darwin:Greatest Theory in the Planet

Darwin was a scientist between right around the 1831 who made a theory that has been considered one of the greatest scientific theories ever made. Darwin left off on the HMS Beagle off to the Galapagos Islands. Where he studied the formation of animals, and tried to figure out how the animals have formed over time. The theory was that these animals have decided to adapt to the natural environment they have found themselves in. Only the fittest, smartest, strongest would survive to this hostile environment. He had a hard time publishing his book the origin of species because everyone was really religious, and this theory would destroy so many religious pieces. His anguish was because he knew his wife was religious and he knew that his daughter needed comfort knowing that her two parents were all right with each other, not fighting. Charles Darwin also knew that if he did not reveal this someone else would, who was about to publish it. Charles Darwin had more proof and so his edition was considered the first theory of evolution. That’s why Charles Darwin’s theory is one of the best theories in the planet.

What is Psychology? Why is it important

I think that Psychology is the theme that studies the mind. Psychology is the study that can go deep into what one may be thinking, and can even give you a complete analysis of what is happening exactly. Psychology is a very important study. It can tell you that if an illness is emotional or due to health issues.